The Systematic Application of Osteomorphometric Methods to Computed Tomography (CT) Scans of Mummies

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Date

2025-08-15

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Abstract

While standard methods exist for estimating age, biological sex, and stature from skeletal remains, these techniques were designed for physical bones and are not fully adapted for use with the virtual realm of computed tomography (CT) scans. This thesis addresses that gap by developing and testing a systematic, non-invasive methodology for applying traditional osteomorphometric techniques to CT scans of human remains, with a focus on mummies. Combining approaches from osteoarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and clinical medicine, the research evaluates how well CT-based visualizations reflect the morphology of actual bones. A multi-stage process tests methods on CT scans and dry bones from the Odd Fellows Skeletal Collection, then applies the refined CT protocols to a modern cadaver and two mummies (Peruvian and Egyptian). The study explores challenges such as scan resolution, soft tissue interference, and bone positioning. The resulting methodology promotes consistent and accurate analysis for future osteological research using CT imaging.

Summary for Lay Audience

This research focuses on creating a reliable and ethical way to study human remains, particularly mummies, using computed tomography (CT) scans, which are detailed, 3D medical images. Traditionally, anthropologists study bones directly by examining their size and shape to estimate a person’s age, biological sex, and height. However, these techniques were developed for physical bones that can be held and examined in person. While CT scans are non-invasive and ideal for studying fragile remains like mummies, they present new challenges. Bones appear differently on scans, soft tissue can obscure features, and scan quality can vary, making it harder to apply existing methods accurately. This project tested how well traditional bone analysis methods work on CT scans. The study began by comparing results from CT scans to actual physical bones from the same individuals in a known skeletal collection. This helped identify what adjustments were needed to make traditional methods work better in the digital realm. Once refined, these methods were tested on a modern cadaver with known biological details, and finally, applied to two mummies: one from Peru and one from Egypt. A major goal was to develop a user-friendly systematic protocol that researchers from different fields could follow. This helps ensure that studies are more accurate, repeatable, and respectful of the remains being analyzed. Importantly, because CT scans do not damage or disturb the remains, they allow descendant communities to retain control over their ancestors while still supporting scientific research. This work also emphasizes the importance of understanding bones not just as biological materials, but as reflections of a person’s life experiences. It builds on the idea that identity is shaped by both biology and culture. Overall, this research offers a new, systematic approach to studying mummified and skeletal remains using CT scans, balancing scientific rigour with ethical responsibility. It supports future research that is non-destructive, culturally respectful, and scientifically valuable, providing new ways to understand people from the past without physically altering their remains.

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Keywords

Bioarchaeology, Osteology, Osteobiography, Osteomorphometrics, Standardization, Computed Tomography (CT), Paleoradiology, Mummies, Peru, Egypt

URI

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14721/38759

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